La matriz extracelular en la curación de las heridas cutáneas. Aspectos físicos, químicos y biológicos / Extracellular matrix in healing of cutaneous wounds. Physical, chemical and biological aspects

Se revisan los nuevos conocimientos sobre la matriz extracelular (MEC), que han permitido descubrir su importante rol en la cicatrización de las heridas cutáneas. Se describen sus características morfofisiológicas y cómo interviene en la curación de las heridas cutáneas. Se presentan cuatro casos clínicos en los que se aplicó este enfoque terapéutico: los sustitutos de piel y la "cura húmeda"

We review the new knowledge about the extracellular ma-trix (ECM) that has allowed us to discover its important role in the healing of cutaneous wounds. The morpho-physiological characteristics of ECM and its role in the healing of cutaneous wounds are described. Four clinical cases are presented where this therapeutic approach was applied: the skin substitutes and the "moist wound healing".

Nueva era de la medicina basada en las células madre mesenquimales: bases, retos y perspectivas / New era of mesenchymal stem cell-based medicine: Basis, challenges and prospects

Las células madre de origen mesenquimal (CMM) suscitan un interés especial debido a sus propiedades regenerativas, antiinflamatorias, antiapoptóticas, contra el estrés oxidativo, antitumorales o antimicrobianas. Sin embargo, su implementación en clínica se topa con inconvenientes de la terapia celular como la incompatibilidad inmunológica, la formación de tumores, la posible transmisión de infecciones, la entrada en senescencia celular y la difícil evaluación de seguridad, dosis y potencia; así como complejas condiciones de almacenamiento, elevado coste económico o uso clínico poco práctico. Considerando que los efectos positivos de las CMM se deben, en gran medida, a los efectos paracrinos mediados por el conjunto de sustancias que segregan (factores de crecimiento, citoquinas, quimiocinas o microvesículas), la obtención in vitro de esos productos biológicos posibilita una medicina regenerativa libre de células sin los inconvenientes de la terapia celular. No obstante, esa nueva innovación terapéutica implica retos, como el reconocimiento de la heterogeneidad biológica de las CMM y la optimización y estandarización de su secretoma (AU)

Stem cells of mesenchymal origin (MSC) arouse special interest due to their regenerative, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidative stress, antitumor or antimicrobial properties. However, its implementation in the clinic runs into drawbacks of cell therapy (immunological incompatibility, tumor formation, possible transmission of infections, entry into cellular senescence, difficult evaluation of safety, dose and potency; complex storage conditions, high economic cost or impractical clinical use). Considering that the positive effects of MSC are due, to a large extent, to the paracrine effects mediated by the set of substances they secrete (growth factors, cytokines, chemokines or microvesicles), the in vitro obtaining of these biological products makes possible a medicine cell-free regenerative therapy without the drawbacks of cell therapy. However, this new therapeutic innovation implies challenges, such as the recognition of the biological heterogeneity of MSC and the optimization and standardization of their secretome (AU)

New era of mesenchymal stem cell-based medicine: basis, challenges and prospects.

Stem cells of mesenchymal origin (MSC) arouse special interest due to their regenerative, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidative stress, antitumor or antimicrobial properties. However, its implementation in the clinic runs into drawbacks of cell therapy (immunological incompatibility, tumor formation, possible transmission of infections, entry into cellular senescence, difficult evaluation of safety, dose and potency; complex storage conditions, high economic cost or impractical clinical use). Considering that the positive effects of MSC are due, to a large extent, to the paracrine effects mediated by the set of substances they secrete (growth factors, cytokines, chemokines or microvesicles), the in vitro obtaining of these biological products makes possible a medicine cell-free regenerative therapy without the drawbacks of cell therapy. However, this new therapeutic innovation implies challenges, such as the recognition of the biological heterogeneity of MSC and the optimization and standardization of their secretome.

Implante endoscópico de mioblastos autólogos en el tratamiento de la incontinencia urinaria de esfuerzo y evaluación de su eficacia en conejos sometidos a esfinterotomía / Endoscopic implantation of autologous myoblasts for stress urinary incontinence and evaluation of its efficacy in sphincterotomized rabbits

Introducción La incontinencia urinaria de esfuerzo (IUE) constituye uno de los problemas de salud con mayor impacto en la vida de las personas. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue desarrollar una terapia para IUE dentro de la ingeniería de tejidos mediante aislamiento y cultivo de mioblastos autólogos (MAC), su implante endoscópico y el estudio de su eficacia en un modelo de incontinencia por esfinterotomía desarrollado en conejos. Materiales y métodos Se utilizaron conejos Nueva Zelanda, machos, sanos. Los animales fueron primero sangrados para obtención del plasma pobre en plaquetas (PPP) y biopsiados para el aislamiento de mioblastos. Posesfinterotomía, fueron divididos en dos grupos: grupo tratado (representado por aquellos animales que recibieron MAC resuspendidos en PPP) y grupo control (representado por aquellos animales que recibieron solo PPP). Se utilizó el punto de presión de pérdida (LPP) para medir la continencia de ambos grupos en diferentes instancias. Los resultados se evaluaron con modelos de regresión lineal jerárquica. Se efectuaron también estudios histológicos sobre los esfínteres de los conejos una vez finalizado el seguimiento. Resultados No se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los valores basales de LPP de cada grupo. Los valores posesfinterotomía de ambos grupos estuvieron por debajo del 50% del valor basal, condición necesaria para considerarlos sujetos incontinentes. Los valores posimplante del grupo tratado fueron superiores al 50% del valor basal, permitiendo suponer una recuperación de la continencia. Se observó una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en los valores de LPP entre los dos grupos de tratamiento (p=0,003). El estudio histológico en el grupo tratado reveló islas interconectadas formadas por fibras musculares, mientras que en el grupo control se observó tejido conectivo periférico a la luz de la uretra e infiltrado inflamatorio. Discusión y conclusiones ... (AU)

Introduction Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is one of the health problems with more impact on patients’ lives. The aim of the present work was to develop a therapy for SUI using tissue engineering by isolation and culture of autologous myoblasts (CAM) followed by endoscopic implantation. We also evaluated the efficacy of this therapy in a rabbit model of incontinence after sphincterotomy. Materials and methods We used healthy male New Zealand rabbits. The animals were first bled to obtain platelet-poor plasma (PPP) and biopsied for myoblast isolation. Post-sphincterotomy, they were divided into two groups: the treatment group (including animals that received CAM resuspended in PPP) and the control group (including animals receiving only PPP). The leak-point pressure (LPP) was used to measure continence in both groups at different time points. The results were evaluated with hierarchical linear regression models. Histological evaluation of the rabbits’ sphincters was also performed at the end of follow-up. Results No statistically significant differences were observed between the baseline LPP values of each group. The post-sphincterotomy values of both groups were below 50% of the baseline value, which was a mandatory condition for incontinence. The post-implantation values of the treatment group were higher than 50% of the baseline value, which led us to assume continence recovery. A statistically significant difference was observed in the LPP values between the two treatment groups (p=0.003). Histological study revealed interconnected islands formed by muscle fibers in the treatment group, and connective tissue surrounding the urethral lumen and inflammatory infiltrate in the control group. Discussion and conclusions The implantation of CAM significantly improved LPP values in the treatment group, and the improvement remained throughout the evaluation period. ... (AU)

Novel Studies in the Designs of Natural, Synthetic, and Compound Hydrogels with Biomedical Applications / Novedosos Estudios en el Diseño de Hidrogeles Naturales, Sintéticos y Compuestos con Aplicaciones Biomédicas

ABSTRACT Hydrogels are gaining widespread popularity in the biomedical field due to their extraordinary properties, such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, zero toxicity, easy processing, and similarity to physiological tissue. They have applications in controlled drug release, wound dressing, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine. Among these applications, hydrogels as a controlled drug delivery system stands out, which releases active substances in precise amounts and at specific times. To explore the latest advances in the design of hydrogels, a literature review of articles published in indexed scientific journals, in Scopus and Science Direct, was carried out. This review aimed to discover and describe the most innovative hydrogel research with applications in the biomedical field; hydrogels synthesized with polymers of different origins were selected, such as; i. Natural (dextran, agarose, chitosan, etc.); ii. Synthetic (polyacrylamide, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, etc.); iii. Composites (interpenetrants, hybrid crosslinkers, nanocomposites, etc.). Comparative analysis revealed that hydrogels with composite materials show the most promise. These composite hydrogels combine the advantages of different polymers or incorporate additional components, offering enhanced properties and functionalities. In summary, hydrogels are versatile biomaterials with immense potential in biomedicine. Their unique properties make them suitable for diverse applications. However, innovative designs and formulations must continue to be explored to further advance the capabilities of hydrogels and expand their biomedical applications.

RESUMEN Los hidrogeles están ganando una extensa popularidad en el campo biomédico gracias a que presentan propiedades extraordinarias como biocompatibilidad, biodegradabilidad, nula toxicidad, fácil procesamiento, y similitud con el tejido fisiológico. tienen aplicaciones en la liberación controlada de fármacos, el vendaje de heridas, la ingeniería de tejidos y la medicina regenerativa. Entre estas aplicaciones, destaca el uso de hidrogeles como sistema de administración controlada de fármacos, que liberan sustancias activas en cantidades precisas y en momentos concretos. Para explorar los últimos avances en el diseño de hidrogeles, se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de artículos publicados en revistas científicas indexadas, en Scopus y Science Direct. El objetivo de esta revisión fue descubrir y describir las investigaciones de hidrogeles más innovadoras con aplicaciones en el campo biomédico, se seleccionaron hidrogeles sintetizados con polímeros de diferente índole como; i. Naturales (dextrano, agarosa, quitosano, etc.); ii. Sintéticos (poliacrilamida, polietilenglicol, alcohol polivinílico, etc); iii. Compuestos (interpenetrantes, reticulantes híbridos, nanocompuestos, etc.). El análisis comparativo reveló que los hidrogeles que utilizan materiales compuestos son los más prometedores. Estos hidrogeles compuestos combinan las ventajas de distintos polímeros o incorporan componentes adicionales, ofreciendo propiedades y funcionalidades mejoradas. En resumen, los hidrogeles son biomateriales versátiles con un inmenso potencial en biomedicina. Sus propiedades únicas los hacen adecuados para diversas aplicaciones, sin embargo, se debe seguir explorando diseños y formulaciones innovadores para seguir avanzando en las capacidades de los hidrogeles y ampliar sus aplicaciones biomédicas.

Endoscopic implantation of autologous myoblasts for stress urinary incontinence and evaluation of its efficacy in sphincterotomized rabbits.

INTRODUCTION: Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is one of the health problems with more impact on patients' lives. The aim of the present work was to develop a therapy for SUI using tissue engineering by isolation and culture of autologous myoblasts (CAM) followed by endoscopic implantation. We also evaluated the efficacy of this therapy in a rabbit model of incontinence after sphincterotomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used healthy male New Zealand rabbits. The animals were first bled to obtain platelet-poor plasma (PPP) and biopsied for myoblast isolation. Post-sphincterotomy, they were divided into two groups: the treatment group (including animals that received CAM resuspended in PPP) and the control group (including animals receiving only PPP). The leak-point pressure (LPP) was used to measure continence in both groups at different time points. The results were evaluated with hierarchical linear regression models. Histological evaluation of the rabbits' sphincters was also performed at the end of follow-up. RESULTS: No statistically significant differences were observed between the baseline LPP values of each group. The post-sphincterotomy values of both groups were below 50% of the baseline value, which was a mandatory condition for incontinence. The post-implantation values of the treatment group were higher than 50% of the baseline value, which led us to assume continence recovery. A statistically significant difference was observed in the LPP values between the two treatment groups (p=0.003). Histological study revealed interconnected islands formed by muscle fibers in the treatment group, and connective tissue surrounding the urethral lumen and inflammatory infiltrate in the control group. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: The implantation of CAM significantly improved LPP values in the treatment group, and the improvement remained throughout the evaluation period. It may be associated with the consistency of the implant and its stability at the injection site. Longer follow-up studies and human clinical investigations are required to consider CAM implantation as an alternative treatment for stress urinary incontinence.

Dolor y edema posquirúrgico en la regeneración cutánea nasal con fibrina rica en plaquetas y leucocitos

Introducción: La reconstrucción de defectos cutáneos nasales requiere del uso de procedimientos orientados a obtener la menor probabilidad de complicaciones posoperatorias en el menor período de tiempo posible. Novedosas técnicas utilizan los concentrados plaquetarios por sus propiedades moduladoras del dolor y el edema posoperatorio. Objetivo: Determinar el comportamiento del dolor y el edema posquirúrgico en la regeneración de defectos cutáneos nasales con el uso de la membrana de fibrina autóloga, rica en plaquetas y leucocitos. Método: Se realizó una investigación cuasiexperimental, con diseño antes-después, sin grupo control en el Servicio de Cirugía Maxilofacial del Hospital Universitario "Arnaldo Milián Castro" de la ciudad de Santa Clara, Villa Clara, Cuba, desde septiembre de 2015 a junio de 2019. La muestra seleccionada aleatoriamente fue de 46 pacientes. A partir de una autodonación de sangre del paciente se obtuvo una membrana de fibrina rica en plaquetas y leucocitos, la cual fue suturada en el defecto quirúrgico nasal. Resultados: La edad media fue 62,71 años y el 60,87 % de la muestra correspondió al sexo masculino. Se presentaron el dolor en el 23,91 % y el edema en el 28,26 % de la muestra estudiada. Conclusiones: Se encontraron escasas complicaciones posoperatorias como el dolor y el edema, las que se manifestaron predominantemente de intensidad leve. Existió asociación entre estas complicaciones y la edad, la cantidad de subunidades anatómicas afectadas, la diabetes mellitus y el tabaquismo.

Introduction: The reconstruction of nasal skin defects requires the use of procedures aimed at obtaining the lowest probability of postoperative complications in the shortest period of time possible. Novel techniques use platelet concentrates for their modulating properties of pain and postoperative edema. Objective: To determine the behavior of pain and post-surgical edema in the regeneration of nasal skin defects with the use of autologous platelet- and leukocyte-rich fibrin membrane. Method: A quasi-experimental research was carried out, with a before-after design, without a control group, in the Maxillofacial Surgery Service at Arnaldo Milián Castro University Hospital in Santa Clara, Villa Clara, Cuba, from September 2015 to June 2015. 2019. The randomly selected sample was 46 patients. A fibrin membrane rich in platelets and leukocytes was obtained from a patient's blood self-donation, which was sutured in the nasal surgical defect. Results: The mean age was 62.71 years and 60.87% of the sample was male. Pain was present in 23.91% and edema in 28.26% of the studied sample. Conclusions: Few postoperative complications such as pain and edema were found, showing to be mild predominantly. There was association between these complications and age, the number of affected anatomical subunits, diabetes mellitus and smoking habit.

Uso de la membrana amniótica como material de apósito en paciente con fascitis necrotizante: A propósito de un caso

Introducción: La fascitis necrotizante es una infección grave que involucra la piel, el tejido celular subcutáneo y las fascias superficiales-profundas, progresa muy rápidamente y si no se trata a tiempo puede causar la muerte. Reporte de caso: Presentamos el caso de una paciente adulta con antecedentes de anemia, a quien se le diagnosticó fascitis necrosante de origen odontogénico, por lo que fue intervenida quirúrgicamente y se realizó un drenaje intraoral y extraoral más escarectomía. Además, se le administró tratamiento farmacológico (antibióticos intravenosos) y se colocó una membrana amniótica como material de apósito para reconstruir la superficie hemorrágica dejada por la fascitis necrotizante. Conclusiones: La membrana amniótica como material de apósito presentó resultados favorables en la paciente al obtenerse una rápida regeneración de la secuela producida por la fascitis necrotizante.

Introduction: Necrotizing fasciitis is a serious infection that involves the skin, the subcutaneous tissue, and the superficial-deep fascia, it progresses very quickly and if not treated in time it can cause death. Report case: We present the case of an adult patient with a history of anemia, who was diagnosed with odontogenic necrotizing fasciitis, for which she underwent surgery and underwent intraoral and extraoral drainage plus escharectomy. In addition, pharmacological treatment (intravenous antibiotics) was administered, and an amniotic membrane was placed as a dressing material to reconstruct the hemorrhagic surface left by the necrotizing fasciitis. Conclusions: The amniotic membrane as a dressing material presented favorable results in the patient, obtaining a rapid regeneration of the sequel produced by necrotizing fasciitis.

Regeneración celular en los defectos óseos segmentarios

Introducción : Los defectos óseos segmentarios se producen por traumas de alta energía que ocasionan pérdida aguda de hueso, ocurren en forma subaguda durante el desbridamiento quirúrgico de una fractura expuesta y también pueden verse en casos crónicos como pseudoartrosis y osteomielitis, los que alteran la calidad de vida del paciente. Objetivo : Presentar un paciente con defecto óseo segmentario secundario a pseudoartrosis hipertrófica de húmero derecho de 6,3 cm. Caso clínico : Paciente masculino de 45 años de edad, raza blanca, sin antecedentes patológicos personales, que llega a nuestra consulta referido de otra institución de salud con diagnóstico de Pseudoartrosis hipertrófica de húmero derecho de tres años de evolución. Se realizó la técnica de inducción de membrana (Masquelet) la cual se combinó con la implantación de células madres adultas autólogas en el segundo tiempo quirúrgico. Se logró la consolidación ósea a las 12 semanas. Conclusiones: Dentro las variantes terapéuticas de los defectos óseos segmentarios se destaca la técnica de inducción de membrana que en combinación con el uso de la terapia celular constituye una opción prometedora, al necesitar un menor volumen de injerto, rápida consolidación además de una alternativa económica y de fácil elaboración sin gran complejidad tecnológica.

Introduction: Segmental bone defects are produced by high-energy traumas that cause acute bone loss, occur sub-acutely during surgical debridement of an exposed fracture, and can also be seen in chronic cases such as pseudarthrosis and osteomyelitis, drastically altering the quality of life of the patient. Objective: To present a patient with a segmental bone defect secondary to hypertrophic nonunion of the right humerus measuring 6.3 cm. Case report: A 45-year-old male patient, Caucasian, with no personal pathological history, who came to our office referred from another health institution with a diagnosis of hypertrophic pseudoarthrosis of the right humerus of 3 years of evolution. The membrane induction technique (Masquelet) is performed, which was combined with the implantation of autologous adult stem cells in the second surgical time. Bone union was achieved at 12 weeks. Conclusions: Within the therapeutic variants of the segmental bone defects, the membrane induction technique stands out, which in combination with the use of cell therapy constitutes a promising option, taking into account that a smaller graft volume is needed, rapid consolidation, as well as an economical alternative, and easy to make without great technological complexity.

Organoides de cérebro como modelos de doenças de Alzheimer e Parkinson: uma revisão narrativa sobre as perspectivas para medicina regenerativa e personalizada / Brain organoids as models of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases: a narrative review on perspectives for regenerative and personalized medicine

Há muitos anos a cultura celular bidimensional (2D) é utilizada como modelo de estudo de doenças, possuindo grande importância na medicina regenerativa, apesar de ainda conter limitações significativas. A fim de contornar essas limitações, a cultura celular tridimensional (3D) propõe uma organização mais complexa e sustentável que pode ser produzida a partir de células-tronco adultas (ASCs), células-tronco embrionárias (ESCs) ou células-tronco pluripotentes induzidas (iPSCs). A cultura 3D possibilitou o cultivo de células em um ambiente mais próximo do fisiológico, levando à formação de distintos tecidos órgãos-específicos. Em outras palavras, a cultura de células 3D possibilita a criação de estruturas orgânicas muito semelhantes aos órgãos de um ser humano, tanto estruturalmente, quanto funcionalmente. Desse modo, tem-se o que é chamado de organoides. O uso dos organoides tem crescido exponencialmente em ambientes in vitro, permitindo a análise e observação dos diversos fenômenos fisiológicos existentes. Como exemplo, pode-se citar os organoides cerebrais ("mini-brains") reproduzidos in vitro buscando delinear as peculiaridades e complexidades do cérebro humano, com o objetivo de compreender algumas disfunções neurológicas que acometem esse sistema, como as duas principais doenças neurodegenerativas: Doenças de Alzheimer e Parkinson. Portanto, os organoides cerebrais podem permitir notável avanço da medicina regenerativa aplicada a doenças neurodegenerativas, já que esses "mini-brains" podem ser produzidos a partir de células do próprio paciente. Isso permitirá intervenções personalizadas, como testagens farmacológicas, a fim de definir qual seria o melhor tratamento medicamentoso. Consequentemente, essa tecnologia pode permitir terapias mais eficientes e individualizadas - o que é fundamental para a Medicina Personalizada (AU).

For many years, two-dimensional (2D) cell culture has been used as a model to study diseases, having great importance in regenerative medicine, despite still having significant limitations. In order to circumvent these limitations, three-dimensional (3D) cell culture proposes a more complex and sustainable organization that can be produced from adult stem cells (ASCs), embryonic stem cells (ESCs) or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). The 3D culture enabled the cultivation of cells in an environment closer to the physiological one, leading to the formation of different organ-specific tissues. In other words, 3D cell culture makes it possible to create organic structures very similar to the organs of a human being, both structurally and functionally. In this way, we have what are called organoids. The use of organoids has grown exponentially in in vitro environments, allowing the analysis and observation of the various existing physiological phenomena. As an example, we can mention the brain organoids ("mini-brains") reproduced in vitro, seeking to delineate the peculiarities and complexities of the human brain, in order to understand some neurological dysfunctions that affect this system, such as the two main neurodegenerative diseases: Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases. Therefore, brain organoids may allow a remarkable advance in regenerative medicine applied to neurodegenerative diseases, as these "mini-brains" can be produced from the patient's own cells. This will allow for personalized interventions, such as drug testing, in order to define what would be the best drug treatment. Consequently, this technology can enable more efficient and individualized therapies - which is fundamental for Personalized Medicine (AU).

Medicina regenerativa en el tratamiento de dolor crónico. Una revisión integrativa de la literatura / Regenerative medicine in the treatment of chronic pain. An integrative review of the literature

A pesar de que las terapias de medicina regenerativa continúan mostrando importante evidencia en cuanto a su segu-ridad y eficacia, en la actualidad no existen indicaciones ni recomendaciones específicas sobre su uso. En este sentido, el propósito de la presente revisión fue recopilar la literatura científica existente sobre las múltiples terapias biológicas disponibles en la actualidad. La búsqueda bibliográfica se realizó a través de las plataformas PubMed, Cochrane, Ovid, SciELO y Google Scholar utilizando los siguientes términos MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) y palabras clave de interés: Plasma rico en plaque-tas, Proloterapia y Células madre mesenquimales. Se incluyeron aquellos artículos que contuvieran los biológicos en el tratamiento de dolor crónico con nivel de evidencia desde I hasta V (según el enfoque cualitativo modificado para la calificación de la evidencia) publicados en los últimos 10 años y cuya población de estudio fueran humanos adultos. Aunque la medicina regenerativa es prometedora, es necesario realizar investigaciones de forma continua sobre esta para potenciar el uso de sus diversas modalidades en indicaciones específicas. Una de las principales limitaciones de las terapias regenerativas es la falta de métodos estándar de preparación, administración y técnicas de medición en torno a su uso.

Despite the fact that regenerative medicine therapies continue to show important evidence regarding their safety and efficacy, there are currently no specific indications or recommendations for their use. The purpose of this review was to compile the existing scientific literature on the multiple biological therapies currently available. The bibliographic search was carried out through the PubMed, Cochrane, Ovid, SciELO and Google Scholar platforms using the following MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms and keywords of interest: Platelet-rich plasma, Prolothe-rapy and Mesenchymal stem cells. Articles containing biologics in the treatment of chronic pain with level of evidence from I to V (according to the modified qualitative approach for qualifying the evidence) published in the last 10 years and whose study population were adult humans were included.Although regenerative medicine is promising, ongoing research is needed on it to enhance the use of its various moda-lities for specific indications. One of the main limitations of regenerative therapies is the lack of standard methods of preparation, administration, and measurement techniques around their use.

Resultados estéticos en defectos nasales posquirúrgicos regenerados con fibrina autóloga rica en plaquetas y leucocitos / Aesthetic results in post-surgical nasal defects regenerated with autologous platelet- and leukocyte-rich fibrin

Introducción: En la reconstrucción de los defectos cutáneos nasales se han utilizado varias técnicas a nivel mundial. Novedosas prácticas utilizan los concentrados plaquetarios por sus propiedades moduladoras y favorecedoras de la regeneración tisular. Objetivo: Determinar los resultados estéticos asociados al uso de la membrana de fibrina autóloga rica en plaquetas y leucocitos, para la regeneración de defectos cutáneos nasales posquirúrgicos. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio cuasiexperimental, longitudinal y prospectivo en el Servicio de Cirugía Maxilofacial del Hospital Universitario "Arnaldo Milián Castro" de la ciudad de Santa Clara, Villa Clara, Cuba, desde septiembre de 2015 hasta junio de 2019. Se efectuó un muestreo intencional, no probabilístico, de 31 pacientes. A partir de una donación de sangre del paciente, se obtuvo una membrana de fibrina rica en plaquetas y leucocitos, la que fue suturada en el defecto nasal posquirúrgico. Se estudiaron variables como el resultado estético, evaluado sobre la base de parámetros como la elasticidad, el color, el volumen y la superficie. Resultados: La edad media fue 62,71 ± 11,09 años y el 61,29 por ciento de la muestra correspondió al sexo masculino. Mostraron un buen resultado estético el 90,32 por ciento de los pacientes, lo que se asoció de forma significativa al grado de epitelización. Conclusiones: Se obtuvo un buen resultado estético en los pacientes donde se utilizó la membrana de fibrina autóloga rica en plaquetas y leucocitos, con independencia de la presencia de diabetes mellitus y hábitos tóxicos. El resultado estético estuvo asociado significativamente al grado de epitelización y a la edad(AU)

Introduction: In the reconstruction of nasal skin defects, several techniques have been used worldwide. Innovative practices use platelet concentrates for their modulating properties and favoring tissue regeneration. Objective: Determine the aesthetic results associated with the use of autologous fibrin rich in platelets and leukocytes, for the regeneration of post-surgical nasal skin defects. Methods: A quasi-experimental, longitudinal and prospective study was conducted in the Maxillofacial Surgery Service of "Arnaldo Milián Castro" University Hospital in the city of Santa Clara, Villa Clara province, Cuba, from September 2015 to June 2019. An intentional, non-probabilistic sampling of 31 patients was carried out. From a blood donation from the patient, a fibrin membrane rich in platelets and leukocytes was obtained, which was sutured in the post-surgical nasal defect. Variables such as the aesthetic result were studied, evaluated on the basis of parameters such as elasticity, color, volume and surface. Results: The mean age was 62.71 ± 11.09 years and 61.29 percent of the sample corresponded to the male sex. A good aesthetic result was shown by 90.32 percent of the patients, which was significantly associated with the degree of epithelialization. Conclusions: A good aesthetic result was obtained in patients where the fibrin membrane rich in leukocytes and autologous platelets was used, regardless of the presence of diabetes mellitus and toxic habits. The aesthetic result was significantly associated with the degree of epithelialization and age(AU)

Plasma rico en plaquetas en el tratamiento de la alopecia androgenética: estudio de serie de casos / Facial rejuvenation with autologous platelet rich plasma

Introducción: La alopecia androgenética es el tipo más prevalente de pérdida de pelo. Se manifiesta a edades tempranas y es más frecuente en el sexo masculino. Objetivo: Evaluar los resultados de la infiltración del plasma rico en plaquetas en una serie de casos con alopecia androgenética. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y longitudinal en una serie de casos, que incluyó 56 pacientes con diagnóstico clínico y dermatoscópico de alopecia androgenética que recibieron tratamiento con plasma rico en plaquetas en el área centro de la ciudad Sancti Spíritus, durante el período de julio 2015 a marzo de 2021. Se inyectaron 6 mL por vía intradérmica de plasma rico en plaquetas en el área afectada con múltiples inyecciones en patrón lineal a un cm de separación bajo el cuidado aséptico. El tratamiento se repitió cada 3 semanas por 8 sesiones. Las variables principales fueron la prueba de tracción pelo y eventos adversos. Resultados: Predominó el sexo masculino, las edades entre 19 y 51 años. El tiempo de evolución osciló entre 1 y 20 meses, la mayoría tenía antecedentes patológicos familiares de alopecia. Predominó el patrón III de Halminton Norwood. Como eventos adversos se presentaron dolor, ardor y eritema en el sitio de inyección en todos los casos. Conclusiones: La prueba de tracción del pelo en la mayoría de los pacientes tratados con plasma rico en plaquetas fue negativa al culminar el tratamiento(AU)

Introduction: Androgenetic alopecia is the most prevalent type of hair loss, it can be manifested at an early age, being more frequent in males. Objective: To evaluate the results of the infiltration of platelet-rich plasma in a series of cases with androgenetic alopecia. Methods: An observational, descriptive and longitudinal study was carried out in a series of cases, which included 56 patients with a clinical and dermatoscopic diagnosis of androgenetic alopecia who received treatment with platelet-rich plasma in the downtown area of the city of Sancti Spíritus, during the period from July 2015 to March 2021. 6 mL of platelet-rich plasma were injected intradermally into the affected area with multiple injections in a lineal pattern one cm apart under aseptic care. The treatment was repeated every 3 weeks for 8 sessions. The main variables were the hair pull test and adverse events. Results: Male sex predominated, ages between 19 and 51 years, evolution time ranged between 1 and 20 months, most had a family pathological history of alopecia, Halminton Norwood pattern III prevailed. Adverse events included pain, burning, and erythema at the injection site in all cases. Conclusions: The hair-pull test in most patients treated with platelet-rich plasma was negative at the end of treatment(AU)

Lisado plaquetario en el tratamiento de la fisura anal crónica y otras indicaciones

Introducción: La aplicación del lisado plaquetario alogénico en el tratamiento de la fisura anal crónica es uno de los temas más novedosos y excitantes dentro de las ciencias biomédicas hoy día. Objetivo: Exponer en forma resumida los avances y perspectivas de empleo del lisado plaquetario alogénico en la fisura anal. Métodos: La estrategia de búsqueda abarcó información en diferentes bases de datos como internet y en el buscador google académico, se utilizaron 42 bibliografías seleccionadas para realizar la revisión, 35 publicadas en los últimos cinco años como artículos originales de revisión, monografías y otros documentos científicos especializados en el tema. A partir de la búsqueda se elaboró el presente artículo. Desarrollo: Se hace alusión a la conceptualización de la enfermedad y los pilares terapéuticos, se sustenta la utilización del lisado plaquetario alogénico; los logros alcanzados con su aplicación en el Hospital General Docente "Comandante Pinaresˮ del municipio San Cristóbal en la provincia Artemisa en la especialidad; así como a las potencialidades de tan promisorio campo en el presente siglo. Conclusiones: El Lisado plaquetario alogénico en el tratamiento de la fisura anal crónica constituyó una nueva modalidad de tratamiento de la enfermedad.

Introduction: The application of allogeneic platelet lysate in the treatment of chronic anal fissure is one of the most novel and exciting topics within biomedical sciences today. Objective: To summarize the advances and perspectives of the use of allogeneic platelet lysate in anal fissure. Methods: The search strategy included information in different databases such as the internet and the academic google search engine, 42 bibliographies selected for the review were used, 35 published in the last five years as original review articles, monographs and other scientific documents specialized in the subject. The present article was prepared on the basis of the search. Development: Allusion is made to the conceptualization of the disease and the therapeutic pillars, the use of allogeneic platelet lysate is sustained; the achievements reached with its application in the General Teaching Hospital "Comandante Pinaresˮ of San Cristóbal municipality in Artemisa province in the specialty; as well as to the potential of such promising field in the present century. Conclusions: Allogeneic platelet lysate in the treatment of chronic anal fissure constituted a new modality of treatment of the disease.

Automated Assessment of Cell Infiltration and Removal in Decellularized Scaffolds - Experimental Study in Rabbits / Avaliação automatizada da infiltração e remoção celular em scaffolds descelularizados - Estudo experimental em coelhos

Abstract Objective Semiquantitative and automated measurement of nuclear material removal and cell infiltration in decellularized tendon scaffolds (DTSs). Method 16 pure New Zealand rabbits were used, and the gastrocnemius muscle tendon was collected bilaterally from half of these animals (16 tendons collected); 4 were kept as control and 12 were submitted to the decellularization protocol (DTS). Eight of the DTSs were used as an in vivo implant in the experimental rotator cuff tear (RCT) model, and the rest, as well as the controls, were used in the semiquantitative and automated evaluation of nuclear material removal. The eight additional rabbits were used to make the experimental model of RCT and subsequent evaluation of cellular infiltration after 2 or 8 weeks, within the DTS. Results The semiquantitative and automated analysis used demonstrated a removal of 79% of nuclear material (p< 0.001 and power > 99%) and a decrease of 88% (p < 0.001 and power >99%) in the area occupied by nuclear material after the decellularization protocol. On cell infiltration in DTS, an increase of 256% (p < 0.001 and power >99%) in the number of cells within the DTS was observed in the comparison between 2 and 8 weeks postoperatively. Conclusion The proposed semiquantitative and automated measurement method was able to objectively measure the removal of nuclear material and cell infiltration in DTS.

Resumo Objetivo Mensuração semiquantitativa e automatizada da remoção de material nuclear e da infiltração celular em scaffolds tendinosos descelularizados (STDs). Método Foram utilizados 16 coelhos Nova Zelândia puros, sendo o tendão do músculo gastrocnêmio coletado bilateralmente de metade destes animais (16 tendões coletados); 4 foram mantidos como controle e 12 foram submetidos ao protocolo de descelularização (STD). Dos STDs, 8 foram utilizados como implante in vivo no modelo experimental de lesão do manguito rotador (LMR) e os restantes, assim como os controles, foram utilizados na avaliação semiquantitativa e automatizada da remoção de material nuclear. Os oito coelhos adicionais foram utilizados na confecção do modelo experimental de LMR e posterior avaliação da infiltração celular após 2 ou 8 semanas, dentro do STD. Resultados A análise semiquantitativa e automatizada utilizada demonstrou uma remoção de 79% do material nuclear (p< 0,001 e poder > 99%) e uma diminuição de 88% (p< 0,001 e poder > 99%) na área ocupada por material nuclear após o protocolo de descelularização. Sobre a infiltração celular no STD, foi observado um aumento de 256% (p< 0,001 e poder > 99%) no número de células dentro do STD na comparação entre 2 e 8 semanas de pós-operatório. Conclusão O método de mensuração semiquantitativo e automatizado proposto foi capaz de mensurar objetivamente a remoção de material nuclear e a infiltração celular no STD.

Treatment of Muscle Injury with Stem Cells - Experimental Study in Rabbits / Tratamento da lesão muscular com células-tronco - Estudo experimental em coelhos

Abstract Objective Histological and macroscopic evaluation of the healing process of acute lesions of the femoral rectus muscle using stem cells derived from adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs). Method An experimental study was conducted with 18 hind legs of New Zealand rabbits, which were divided into three study groups according to the intervention to be performed. In group I, no surgical procedure was performed; in group II—SHAN, the experimental lesion was performed without any additional intervention protocol; in group III—Intervention, the addition of ADSCs was performed in the same topography of the experimental lesion. After the proposed period, 2 weeks, the material was collected and submitted to macroscopic and histological evaluation. Results The quantitative analysis showed that the addition of ADSCs is related to the reduction of inflammatory cells in the 2-week evaluation (164.2 cells in group II - SHAN to 89.62 cells in group III - ADSC). The qualitative analysis of the slides with Picrosirius red, noticed an increase in orange/yellow fibers in group III - ADSC, which evidences a final healing process. The macroscopic evaluation found no difference between the groups. Conclusion The use of ADSCs in the treatment of acute muscle injury presented histological advantages when compared to their non-use.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliação histológica e macroscópica do processo de cicatrização das lesões agudas do músculo reto femoral, com utilização de células-tronco derivadas de tecido adiposo (ADSCs, na sigla em inglês). Método Foi realizado um estudo experimental com 18 patas traseiras de coelhos Nova Zelândia, que foram divididos em três nos grupos de estudo de acordo com a intervenção a ser realizada. No grupo I não foi realizado procedimento cirúrgico; no grupo II - SHAN foi realizado a lesão experimental sem nenhum protocolo de intervenção adicional; e no grupo III - Intervenção foi realizado a adição de ADSCs na mesma topografia onde foi realizada a lesão experimental. Após o período proposto, 2 semanas, o material foi coletado, submetido a avaliação macroscópica e histológica. Resultados A análise quantitativa demonstrou que a adição de ADSCs está relacionada com a diminuição de células inflamatórias na avaliação com 2 semanas (164,2 células no grupo II - SHAN para 89,62 células no grupo III - ADSC). A análise qualitativa das lâminas coradas com Picrosírius red demonstrou um aumento das fibras de cor laranja/amarela no grupo III - ADSC, o que evidencia um processo final de cicatrização. A avaliação macroscópica não encontrou diferença entre os grupos. Conclusão A utilização de ADSCs no tratamento de lesão muscular aguda apresentou vantagens histológicas quando comparada a sua não utilização.

Uso del lisado plaquetario en el tratamiento de la necrolisis tóxica epidérmica: presentación de un caso / Use of platelet lysate in the treatment of epidermal toxic necrolysis: a case presentation

Introducción: En los últimos años se ha producido un extraordinario impulso de la medicina regenerativa. El uso de las plaquetas con este fin, se ha empleado en diferentes especialidades médicas. El lisado plaquetario es una de las alternativas al tratamiento utilizadas en la necrolisis tóxica epidérmica, urgencia dermatológica que alcanza una mortalidad de hasta el 70 por ciento en ocasiones. Objetivo: Describir el uso del lisado de plaquetas como terapia regenerativa en el tratamiento de la necrolisis tóxica epidérmica. Presentación de caso: Paciente de 53 años con antecedentes patológicos de hipertensión arterial, diabetes mellitus, mieloma múltiple e insuficiencia renal crónica, que ingresó con diagnóstico de neumonía adquirida en la comunidad e insuficiencia renal crónica agudizada, para lo que llevó múltiples tratamientos. Comenzó con lesiones en piel eritematosas, no pruriginosas y después ampollares que se desbridan con facilidad, y que están diseminadas por todo el cuerpo con grandes áreas de piel denudada con una mortalidad de más del 90 por ciento. Se diagnosticó una necrolisis tóxica epidérmica, se iniciaron las medidas habituales de tratamiento y se utilizó de forma tópica el lisado plaquetario alogénico. Conclusiones: La aplicación del lisado plaquetario tuvo una respuesta favorable, se observó reepitelización cutánea y mejoría de las lesiones en la necrolisis tóxica epidérmica(AU)

Introduction: In recent years there has been an extraordinary impulse of regenerative medicine, the use of platelets for this purpose has been used in different medical specialties. The most feared of the dermatological complications is toxic epidermal necrolysis, of which up to 4 cases per million inhabitants occur annually, with a mortality that sometimes reaches up to 70 percent Objective: To describe the use of platelet lysate as regenerative therapy in the treatment of epidermal toxic necrolysis. Case presentation: We present a case of a 53-year-old patient with a pathological history of arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, multiple myeloma and chronic renal insufficiency, who was admitted with a diagnosis of community acquired pneumonia and acute chronic renal insufficiency, for which multiple treatments. She began with erythematous, non-pruritic, and then bullous skin lesions that are easily debrided into large areas of denuded skin, scattered throughout the body. A toxic epidermal necrolysis was diagnosed, the usual treatment measures were started and the allogeneic platelet lysate was used topically. Conclusions: A favorable response was observed, with cutaneous re-epithelialization of the skin, although the patient's underlying disease and its comorbidities died(AU)

Aplicación de la medicina regenerativa y la bioimpresión 3D en urología / Application of regenerative medicine and 3D bioprinting in urology

In the last two decades, a new purpose has collected great efforts from scientists in all branches of medicine. It is about the possibility to make the body regenerate ill tissues and organs by itself with de right artificial stimuli or the construction of new functional organs to replace the damaged ones. This process comprises various interdisciplinary approaches to healthcare, such as tissue engineering, molecular medicine, biotechnology, and three-dimensional printing. Urologists have been remarkably active in this field of medicine called Regenerative Medicine. The searching of the different requirements like suitable and compatible biomaterials, versatile cells, adequate techniques to construct tissues, available biomolecules, and the knowledge of all these minimizing risks, are some of the aims and the approximations until now. Despite many obstacles, in vitro and in vivo studies are already showing encouraging options. We will review the advances related to the bladder, urethra, ureter, and kidneys. Difficulties such as ethical issues, time investment and high costs, have been some of the drawbacks encountered. Further studies are still required for its clinical application in daily life (AU)

En los últimos 20 años, los esfuerzos de científicos de todas las especialidades médicas se han dirigido hacia un nuevo objetivo. Se trata de la posibilidad de que el cuerpo regenere por sí mismo los tejidos y órganos enfermos con los estímulos artificiales adecuados o la construcción de nuevos órganos funcionales para sustituir los dañados. Este proceso conlleva la colaboración por parte de otras ciencias como la ingeniería de materiales, la medicina molecular, la biotecnología y la impresión tridimensional. En la denominada medicina regenerativa, los urólogos han desempeñado un papel especialmente activo. La búsqueda de los diferentes factores requeridos, como biomateriales adecuados y compatibles, células versátiles, técnicas adecuadas para construir tejidos, biomoléculas disponibles y el conocimiento de todo ello, minimizando los riesgos, son algunos de los objetivos y aproximaciones actuales. A pesar de los obstáculos, hay estudios in vitro e in vivo que ya han revelado opciones esperanzadoras. Repasaremos los avances relacionados con la vejiga, la uretra, el uréter y los riñones. Las dificultades como las cuestiones éticas, la inversión de tiempo y los altos costes, han sido algunos de los inconvenientes encontrados. Todavía se requieren más estudios para su aplicación clínica en la vida diaria (AU)

Application of regenerative medicine and 3d bioprinting in urology.

In the last two decades, a new purpose has collected great efforts from scientists in all branches of medicine. It is about the possibility to make the body regenerate ill tissues and organs by itself with de right artificial stimuli or the construction of new functional organs to replace the damaged ones. This process comprises various interdisciplinary approaches to healthcare, such as tissue engineering, molecular medicine, biotechnology, and three-dimensional printing. Urologists have been remarkably active in this field of medicine called Regenerative Medicine. The searching of the different requirements like suitable and compatible biomaterials, versatile cells, adequate techniques to construct tissues, available biomolecules, and the knowledge of all these minimizing risks, are some of the aims and the approximations until now. Despite many obstacles, in vitro and in vivo studies are already showing encouraging options. We will review the advances related to the bladder, urethra, ureter, and kidneys. Difficulties such as ethical issues, time investment and high costs, have been some of the drawbacks encountered. Further studies are still required for its clinical application in daily life.

Evolución de defectos óseos periodontales tratados con plasma rico en plaquetas / Evolution of periodontal defects bone treated with platelets rich-plasm

RESUMEN Introducción: los factores bioactivos y entre ellos, los concentrados plaquetarios, son empleados como terapia para la reparación y cicatrización de los tejidos periodontales por su potencial regenerativo. Objetivo: evaluar la evolución de defectos óseos periodontales tratados con plasma rico en plaquetas, en pacientes con periodontitis, en Santiago de Cuba, en el período 2017-2019. Método: se realizó un estudio longitudinal prospectivo en Santiago de Cuba, desde diciembre del 2017 hasta diciembre del 2019, en pacientes de ambos sexos, entre 30 y 59 años de edad, con diagnóstico de periodontitis que requerían tratamiento quirúrgico, seleccionándose una muestra de 45 pacientes que presentaban al menos un sitio con defectos intraóseos periodontales, de 4 o más milímetros de profundidad, que cumplían con el diagnóstico y los criterios para utilizar Plasma Rico en Plaquetas. Se utilizaron variables clínicas, radiográficas y de respuesta, expresadas en frecuencias absolutas/relativas y media aritmética, con desviación estándar y validación con la prueba t. Resultados: el 93,3 % de los casos lograron signos clínicos de normalidad del tejido blando intervenido a los 7 días. El sangrado al sondaje, a los seis meses de evolución, solo persistió en el 4,4 % de los casos. La comparación de medias de movilidad dentaria, profundidad al sondaje y pérdida de inserción clínica antes y después del tratamiento, disminuyeron significativamente. Conclusiones: la evolución de los parámetros periodontales evaluados en los defectos óseos, tras la aplicación de plasma rico en plaquetas, como parte del tratamiento quirúrgico en las periodontitis, fue satisfactoria en casi la totalidad de los casos, con mejoría clínica.

ABSTRACT Introduction: bioactive factors, including platelet concentrates, are used as therapy for the repair and healing of periodontal tissues due to their regenerative potential. Objective: to evaluate the evolution of periodontal bone defects treated with platelet-rich plasma, in patients with periodontitis, in Santiago de Cuba, during the period 2017-2019. Methods: a prospective longitudinal study was conducted in Santiago de Cuba, from December 2017 to December 2019, in patients of both sexes, between 30 and 59 years old, with a diagnosis of periodontitis requiring surgical treatment, choosing a sample of 45 patients presenting at least one site with periodontal intra-osseous defects, 4 or more millimeters deep, who met the diagnosis and criteria for using Platelet-Rich Plasma. Clinical, radiographic and response variables were used, expressed in absolute/relative frequencies and arithmetic mean, with standard deviation and t-test validation. Results: the 93,3 % of the cases achieved clinical signs of normality of the operated soft tissue at 7 days. Bleeding on probing at six months of evolution persisted in only 4,4 % of the cases. The comparison of mean tooth mobility, probing depth and clinical insertion loss before and after treatment decreased significantly. Conclusions: the evolution of periodontal parameters evaluated in bone defects after the application of platelet-rich plasma as part of the surgical treatment of periodontitis was satisfactory in almost the totality of the patients, with clinical improvement.